Charging operators earn revenue primarily from energy sales (priced per kWh, per minute, or per session). They often add subscriptions, idle fees, roaming, and partnerships with site hosts, plus ancillary revenue such as advertising and fleet service contracts. Profitability is driven by utilization, electricity tariffs and demand charges (where applicable), and uptime. The most resilient models combine strong sites (retail, highway, fleet depots) with disciplined operations (remote monitoring, preventive maintenance, and rapid repair SLAs).
